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This performance characteristic addresses problems with visible flicker due to low frequency operation and applies to steady-state as well as dimmed operation. Dimming operation shall meet the requirement at all light output levels.

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Turning to historical precedent, HPS lamps on magnetic ballasts have been reported to have 84% modulation depth, and LPS lamps sometimes have nearly 100% modulation depth. These are both at 100 Hz or 120 Hz and have been used without widespread complaints about flicker for almost 50 years in many applications, such as outdoor lighting, greenhouse lighting, etc. According to DOE/PNNL researchers (Poplawski and Miller [B83]), a lighting situation may determine the case-by-case tolerance of flicker.

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